the characteristics of kairouan

[7][8][9] In Berber, the city used to be called Tikirwan تيكيروان,[10] thought to be an adaptation of the Arabic name. They come out calling Hotel Splendid run down and with a “surly staff”. The base of the minaretis though to be some 100 years older than this. Birth studbook : STUD BOOK FRANCAIS CHEVAL DE PUR SANG. The other story, is the most popular, says that Oqba found a golden cup gold he had lost in the Zamzam well in Mecca. Subsequently, there occurred a mass conversion of the Berbers to Islam. Kairuan (ar. But really, what you see from the outside is more than enough, the doors are wide open. This zawiyya is claimed to house the tomb of one of the prophet’s companions, a sahab, named Abu Zama al-Belaoui. It has been said that seven pilgrimages to this mosque is considered the equivalent of one pilgrimage to Mecca. As such, it assumed the important function of representing a cosmopolitan and urbane Kairouan, one of the first cities organized under Muslim rule in North Africa. The Great Mosque is a universal architectural masterpiece. In the 13th century under the prosperous Hafsids dynasty that ruled Ifriqiya, the city started to emerge from its ruins. I highly recommend an evening stroll along the walls, when headlights create an effect equal to the best Oriental images of the Muslim city. It is certainly something else, with its Jerba-like minaret-on-a-dome finish. But there is more to the story: In 670, the general of the invading Arab forces, Oqba bin Nafi, found a golden cup in the sands here, a golden cup that he had lost in the holy well of Zamzam in Mecca a few years earlier. Especially, when Al-Andulus, known also as Islamic Iberia was conquered by Muslims, Kairouan served as a logistic center. Judging by its name, many visitors to Kairouan wonder if the place is named after Cairo of Egypt. It is this well that has elevated Kairouan into its prominent position in the heart of devout Muslims in this part of northern Africa. Kairouan (Arabic: القيروان ‎) (cried Kirwan or Al Qayrawan an aa), is the caipital o the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisie.Referred tae as the Islamic Cultural Caipital, it is a UNESCO Warld Heritage site.The ceety wis foondit bi the Arabs aroond 670. [Epidemiological and clinical features of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kairouan-Tunisia and characteristics in children]. Jan 25, 2016 - View of Kairouan by Paul Klee (1879-1940, Switzerland) | Art Reproductions Paul Klee | WahooArt.com In from the city walls, few buildings lean on the walls. The months of June, July and August have the lowest averages for all stations. This page presents the main characteristics of a horse. Kairouan was founded by Okba Ibn Nafaâ in 670, despite the hostility of the Berber populations, who revolted under the leadership of the prophetess Al Kahena. It was built by the Muradid Hammuda Pasha Bey (mausoleum, dome and court) and Murad II Bey (minaret and madrasa). The decorations around the door do not even fit, intriguing. Sire: NORNIZ Arabe Dam : KEYRAC Arabe Dam sire: SIDI BABOU Arabe ... Genetic diversity; General information Search horse. 2.3 Architectural characteristics of the Medina Kairouan Medina is a trapezoid-shaped urban site measuring 52ha, with an average length of 1000m and an average width of 500m, dimensions of the main axes of the city, established along North-South and East-West orientations. It contains a number of courtyards, a madrasa, a mosque and a funduq (for pilgrims. The mosque dates back to the 9th century, a period from which there is little else in Kairouan. [20] After its establishment, Kairouan became an Islamic and Qur'anic learning centre in North Africa. The mosque is a veneration place for Abu Zama' al-Balaui, a companion of the prophet Muhammad, who, according to a legend, had saved for himself three hairs of Muhammad's beard, hence the edifice's name. The oldest gate of the city walls, the Bab al-Khoukha, which dates back to 1706. The Great Mosque of Kairouan was a public structure, set along roads that served a city with a vibrant commercial, educational, and religious life. Charming 3 star Hotel Splendid, which has nice, friendly rooms at a reasonable price. On a whole I have no hesitation in suggesting that a slow walk around the area is a must for visitors to Kairouan. The golden section appears repeatedly in some part of the building measurements. In 2014, the city had about 187,000 inhabitants. It is also called Mosque of the Barber, as he was known for always carrying with him 3 hairs of Muhammad. Sire: GOUVERNEUR Trait Comtois Dam: DALIDA DE VERCEL Trait Comtois Dam sire: SALUTAIRE Trait Comtois > Moins. [22], In memory of Sufi saints, Sufi festivals are held in the city. The city was for a long time characterized by not being much touched by the French, who wanted to respect the sentiment of the Tunisians. Its role can be compared to that of the University of Paris in the Middle Ages. The year 909 saw the overthrow of the Sunni Aghlabites who ruled Ifriqiya and the establishment of the Fatimid dynasty. [31] The small minaret was added during the restoration works held under the Hafsid dynasty. In 800 Caliph Harun ar-Rashid in Baghdad confirmed Ibrahim as Emir and hereditary ruler of Ifriqiya. On the photo to the left, you see the original mausoleum, dating back to the 7th century. With its simplicity, the detail of the Great Mosque becomes quite effective. Kairouan synonyms, Kairouan pronunciation, Kairouan translation, English dictionary definition of Kairouan. The Great Mosque of Kairouan dates back to 670 CE and was built by the command of Arab Muslim general Oqba bin Nafi. A mandatory stop during a trip to Tunisia and a starting point to discover the impressive ancient … The name (ٱلْقَيْرُوَان Al-Qairuwân) is an Arabic word meaning "military group" or "caravan",[5] borrowed early on from the Middle Persian word kārawān[6] (modern Persian کاروان kârvân), meaning "military column" (kâr people/military + vân outpost) or "caravan" (see caravanserai). القيروان, trl. The present layout was created in the 9th century, but it is hard to establish which parts date back to this date. In the period of Caliph Mu'awiya, it became an important centre for Sunni Islamic scholarship and Quranic learning, and thus attracting many Muslims from various parts of the world, next only to Mecca and Medina. Walk between anywhere on Avenue 7 Novembre (shopping area and the Great Mosque), and you will see life styles of old days in a fresh and attractive wrapping. Even today, the local religious traditions says that a Muslim drinking water from Bi’r Baruta a number of times is exempted from performing the pilgrimage to Mecca, a journey both long and expensive. Amor Abbada was a strange kind of blacksmith philosopher, creating oversized objects full of inscriptions explaining their purpose. It is only under the Husainid Dynasty that Kairouan started to find an honorable place in the country and throughout the Islamic world. Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab founded the Aghlabid dynasty which ruled Ifriqiya between 800 and 909. It is really made to remove dust from the water before it came to the hole. Banks, ATMs and exchange service in the receptions in the better hotels. The eastern-most pools, which are the least attractive and also considerably smaller. Governing again from Kairouan, the Zirids led the country through another artistic, commercial and agricultural heyday. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The oldest surviving parts date back to the 18th century, as do the oldest gate. Kairouan, one of the most celebrated cities of the Islamic world, captivates visitors with the unique charm of its medina. As such, it assumed the important function of representing a cosmopolitan and urbane Kairouan, one of the first cities organized under Muslim rule in North Africa. You can just about see the smaller one, right above the tree. The Umayyads (661–749 C.E.) Carpets, Kairouan is particularly famous for its carpets and visiting a shop is an integral and sometimes unexpected part of visiting the city. Early period. Among the very first projects of the conquering Arabs was to built a great mosque. Early period. The outer walls and the gates to the mosque is not to be missed. It's a piece of the world captured in the image. UNESCO World Heritage Site (Kairouan, masterpiece of human creative genius, on developments in architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or landscape design, unique to a cultural tradition, traditional human settlement or land-use, cultural object with outstanding universal significance, 1988–) General information. Lalla Rihana Gate is one of the newest additions to the mosque, dating from 1294, built after Hafsid designs, with its arches and cupola. Considered the fourth-holiest site in Islam because of the presence of the Great Mosque (the oldest in North Africa), it feels worlds away … The colonnade along the 3 other sides but the minaret one, is impressive. There are 414 marble, granite and porphyry columns in the mosque. Kairouan, town located in north-central Tunisia. This is said to be source of the Bi’ Barouta, Kairouan’ most popular attraction among Muslims. Known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan, it is an early example of a hypostyle mosque that also reflects how pre-Islamic and eastern Islamic art and motifs were incorporated into the religious architecture of Islamic North Africa. But the mosque at Kairouan was much grander than anything being built in Northern Europe at this time Founded in 670, it contains all of the architectural features that distinguish early mosques: a minaret , a large courtyard surrounded by porticos , and a hypostyle prayer hall. In 1881, Kairouan was taken by the French, after which non-Muslims were allowed access to the city. He also claimed that two anchors which he gave his home town had come from Noah’s Ark on Mount Ararat, anchors which were said to fasten Kairouan to the earth. The answer is no. Geometric Patterns. Unfortunately, the entire inner structure is off-limits for non-Muslims, and the doors are closed for even a small peek inside. Standing inside the mosque’s courtyard, you will probably not be able to see that everything tilts, none of the corners are 90 degrees and the minaret does not stand on the axis running from the mihrab through the entrance to the prayer hall, rather about 8 metres to the right. Download the … KAIROUAN Trait Comtois, Male, Alezan Comtois, né(e) en 1976, mort, Étalon . However modest the Bi’ Barouta is – entrance through a small carpet shop and an interior no more spectacular than a middle-class family’s courtyard – it is the historical focal point of Kairouan. It must have been with great awe that the Muslims of the early centuries of North African Islam entered this vast hall, some 70 times 40 metres. But they were forced to give in and Kairouan became capital. The Aghlabite also pacified the country and conquered Sicily in 827. It is bordered by the governorates of Zaghouan, Siliana, Kasserine, Sidi Bouzid, Sfax, Sousse and Mahdia. The Great Mosque of Kairouan (جامع القيروان الأكبر), also known as the Mosque of Uqba (Arabic: جامع عقبة بن نافع ‎‎), is one of the most important mosques in Tunisia, situated in the UNESCO World Heritage town of Kairouan.. None two are said to have the same shape and size. During the rule of the Fatimids, Kairouan was neglected and lost its importance: the new rulers resided first in Raqqada but soon moved their capital to the newly built Al Mahdiyah on the coast of modern Tunisia. The largest pool is 128 in diametre and 5 metres deep. Kairouan was founded in ca. Start studying Art History Ch 10. The Umayyads (661–749 C.E.) The Plate Carree projection is a simple cylindrical projection originated in the ancient times. At each time step, the volume of water in the reservoirs is updated, accounting for inflowing water, evaporation, pumping and infiltration losses. Kairouan can get very hot during summer, and visitors to the city at this season should take necessary precautions. The Great Mosque of Kairouan was a public structure, set along roads that served a city with a vibrant commercial, educational, and religious life. Schools and universities flourished, overseas trade in local manufactures and farm produce ran high and the courts of the Zirids rulers were centres of refinement that eclipsed those of their European contemporaries. The characteristics of the monthly rainfall data recorded at these stations are summarized in Table 1. [citation needed], Jews were among the original settlers of Kairouan, and the community played an important role in Jewish history, having been a world center of Talmudic and Halakhic scholarship for at least three generations.[13]. A fabulous historical heritage. Physical 3D Map of Kairouan. The holy … Which of the following best supports this statement? Power struggles continued until Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab recaptured Kairouan at the end of the 8th century. The architecture of a mosque is shaped most strongly by the regional traditions of the time and place where it was built. The history of Kairouan’s city walls date back to 761, but have been destroyed and rebuilt numerous times. [12], In 893, through the mission of Abdullah al Mahdi, the Kutama Berbers from the west of the country started the movement of the Shiite Fatimids. Kharijites or Islamic "outsiders" who formed an egalitarian and puritanical sect appeared and are still present on the island of Djerba. Water came from the hills 35 km west of Kairouan, delivered here by aqueduct. Identified by electronic transponder : … As a result, style, layout, and decoration can vary greatly. It soon became famous for its wealth and prosperity, reaching the levels of Basra and Kufa and giving Tunisia one of its golden ages long sought[by whom?] The minaret of the Kairouan Mosque in Tunisia was modeled on: a Roman lighthouse. Identity and studbook. It had housed a Byzantine garrison before the Arab conquest, and stood far from the sea – safe from the continued attacks of the Berbers who had fiercely resisted the Arab invasion. The Islamic governors of Tunisia built the Great Mosque at Kairouan in the 800s AD, in the time of the Abbasid Empire. Author information: (1)Laboratoire de recherche « Parasitoses médicales, biotechnologie et biomolécules » LR 11-IPT-06, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisie. after the glorious days of Carthage. This map of Kairouan uses Plate Carree projection. Kairouan (Arabic: القيروان‎ Qeirwān), also spelled Al Qayrawān (listen) or Kairwan, is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia. This is the currently selected item. Islamic arts - Islamic arts - Architectural decoration: Early Islamic architecture is most original in its decoration. Kairouan, also spelled Al Qayrawān or Kairwan, is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia. The caretaker, Khammeri, is very enthusiastic and helpful. Kairouan has seen quite a bit of white paint and chalk in recent years, the whole medina looked so much nicer in 2005 than it did when I visited it in 1996. In the courtyard there are a number of objects which seems like they were randomly placed there during an excavation or something. A mandatory stop during a trip to Tunisia and a starting point to discover the impressive ancient site of Sbeïtla in the High Steppes region . Simple and beautiful. [23], At the time of its greatest splendor, between the ninth and eleventh centuries AD, Kairouan was one of the greatest centers of Islamic civilization and its reputation as a hotbed of scholarship covered the entire Maghreb. Although the introduction of the 1956 Code of Personal Status rendered the tradition obsolete by outlawing polygamy nationwide, some scholars have identified it as a "positive tradition for women within the large framework of Islamic law. Things were much cleaner before the tourist centre was opened. Carpets are graded by their fineness, the number of knots in a square metre, with a normal weave from 10,000 to 40,000, fine weave from 65,000-90,000 and extra fine from 160,000 - 500,000. Berber resistance continued, led first by Kusaila, whose troops killed Uqba at Biskra about fifteen years after the establishment of the military post,[11] and then by a Berber woman called Al-Kahina who was killed and her army defeated in 702. The Great Mosque of Kairouan is one of the most impressive and largest Islamic monuments in North Africa,[2] its perimeter is almost equal to 405 metres (1,328 feet). One of the legends on the prayer hall of the Great Mosque says that anyone trying to count its columns will become blind. [28] The Great Mosque of Sidi-Uqba has a great historical importance as the ancestor of all the mosques in the western Islamic world.[29]. The characteristics of the encapsulated sub-system have been defined after careful consideration of detailed data on the small dams (Lacombe et al., 2008) and calibration (Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia et al., 2008). zlebia and makroudh). There are occasionally small kiosks built into the wall structure, often used as shops. In the late ninth century, another Aghlabid ruler embellished the courtyard entrance to the prayer space and added a dome over the central arches and portal. Looking further up the minaret can usually only be done with your camera zoom or with binoculars. Amor Abbada was not always philosophical in a way that can appeal to modern people. The Aghlabites built the great mosque and established in it a university that was a centre of education both in Islamic thought and in the secular sciences. A wooden cage protects the spot where he was placed to rest in the ground. Toggle navigation. Its heyday came with the Aghlabid dynasty that ruled between 800 and 909. Malgré le transfert de la capitale politique à Tunis au XII e siècle, Kairouan est restée la première ville sainte du Maghreb. [citation needed] Formerly, the city of Kamounia was located where Kairouan now stands. It can also be referred to as Mosque of Uqba Ibn Nafi, in honor of its original founder. In addition to the Great Mosque there are a number of smaller, still very interesting and attractive, religious institutions open to non-Muslims too. The Great Mosque of Kairouan served as a model for other Maghrebi and Andalusian mosques; on its own it embodies all the characteristics of Kairouanese architecture that reigned almost exclusively for four centuries over the medieval Moslem West. The Great Mosque of Kairouan, in Tunisia (not pictured) has three domes: one atop the minaret, one above the entrance to the prayer hall, and one above the qibla wall. The town, one of the holy cities of Islam, lies on the Basse Steppe (Low Steppes), a semiarid alluvial plain southeast of the Central Tell. Its form was nearly a rectangle, with its four sides not perfectly parallel. You can make out the door to one of those on this photo. 670 as a post in the Arab conquest of the west. They can be seen half way down the eastern walls. Kairouan has always been a place popular with travellers, whether here for trade or the purposes of religious pilgrimage. The two western-most pools. This vast space contains a hypostyle prayer hall, a huge marble-paved courtyard and a massive square minaret. The importance of Kairouan for Islamic expansion is noteworthy. The city was founded by the Umayyads around 670. The transmission of knowledge was assured by prominent scholars and theologians which included Sahnun ibn Sa'id and Asad ibn al-Furat, eminent jurists who contributed greatly to the dissemination of the Maliki thought, Ishaq ibn Imran and Ibn al-Jazzar in medicine, Abu Sahl al-Kairouani and Abd al-Monim al-Kindi in mathematics. From below, note how the window niches get larger as further to the top. In fact, a … This set of flashcards can help you review the characteristics of Islamic calligraphy and Islamic carpets. The zawiyya of Sidi el Ghariani is a beautiful little structure, where you can take a closer look at 14th century woodcarving and stuccowork. The other brick is placed upside down. Carpets are graded by their fineness, the number of knots in a square metre, with a normal weave from 10,000 to 40,000, fine weave from 65,000-90,000 and extra fine from 160,000 - 500,000. Islamic arts - Islamic arts - Other classic mosques: Either in its simplest form, as in Medina, or in its more-formalized shape, as in Damascus, the hypostyle tradition dominated mosque architecture from 715 to the 10th century. You will not have have to go far off the area to find yourself in tranquil residential streets. Mihrab (left) and minbar (right), Interior view of the dome, Great Mosque of Kairouan . There are two legends: The first tells that the Muslim conqueror Oqba bin Nafi put his stick into the ground right here, and out came water. The Aghlabids also built palaces, fortifications and fine waterworks of which only the pools remain. Everything from basic to 4 star. It is Muhammad's house in Medina. There is a second sundial on the eastern colonnade, which was used in afternoons. It is clear that the use of lights are quite deliberate to make surroundings attractive. Note here the Roman columns used as the only form of decoration. [30] It has three arched doorways surmounted by three inscriptions in Kufic script, interspersed with floral and geometrical reliefs and topped by a carved frieze; the first inscription includes the verses 70–71 in the sura 33 of Quran. or n a city in NE Tunisia: one of the holy cities of Islam; pilgrimage and trading centre. Shopping in Kairouan resembles many other tourist places, but there is a selection of locally produced items for sale too. Its façade is a notable example of Islamic architecture. The lower photo shows his burial place. The Great Mosque of Kairouan is one of the most impressive and largest islamic monuments in North Africa, its perimeter is almost equal to 405 metres (1,328 feet). your own Pins on Pinterest Further on are the eastern walls of the courtyard. Many shopkeepers will accept to be paid by VISA or MasterCard, provided that you buy above 10-15 dinars. Al-Qayrawān, trb.Al-Kajrawan, czyli "karawana" lub "oddział kawalerii"; fr. KAIROUAN (Qairuwān) Tunisian town situated 77 mi. Night life in Kairouan is travel oriented: Many people pass through Kairouan during night, and demand a place to eat and drink soda water or coffee. Most seem to agree that the lowest storey of the minaret in Kairouan are the remains of the first real minaret in the world, dating back to 730, more than 100 years after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. There are today two ways of visiting the Aghlabid pools, either by the tourist centre or the western gate leading into the park. Google Classroom Facebook Twitter. African masks Daoism: is concerned with bringing human life into harmony with nature. Bir Barrouta; The oldest well of Kairouan (796 AD) protected by a small domed building. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site. When picking the cup up, water sprang from the ground. It was founded by Kairoun al-Maafri, a holy man of Cordoba. He erected the great mosque of Kairouan, which remains one of the most prestigious monuments of Islam. Stone sculpture existed, but stucco sculpture, first limited to Iran, spread rapidly throughout the early Islamic world. [1] In the period of Caliph Mu'awiya (reigned 661–680), it became an important centre for Sunni Islamic scholarship and Quranic learning,[2] and thus attracting many Muslims from various parts of the world, next only to Mecca and Medina. Mides is situated in the Djerid region of south west of Tunisia, right on the border…, Tunis sports city is yet another important development that promises to bring world class facilities to…, Gammarth is a modern well-developed coastal resort 20 km north of Tunis. The dough is made with a combination of semolina and flour, which gives the pastry a very specific texture and flavour. In addition to its spiritual prestige,[3] the Mosque of Uqba is one of the masterpieces of both architecture … Water is drawn by a wooden … Mohamedi explains that this deformation is due to the site conditions. A city grew quickly up, and around 800, Kairouan became the capital of the Aghlabid dynasty. [citation needed], Europa Publications "General Survey: Holy Places", "Location and origin of the name of Kairouan", "Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010", "Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie", Centre for Advanced Study of African Societies, "Tunisia News – Sufi Song Festival starts in Kairouan", "Monogamy in Islam: The Case of a Tunisian Marriage Contract", "Great Mosque of Kairouan (Qantara mediterranean heritage)", Mausoleum of Sidi Sahbi (Qantara Mediterranean heritage), Panoramic virtual tour of Kairouan medina, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kairouan&oldid=995043696#History, Populated places established in the 7th century, 7th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Persian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2019, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Source 1: Institut National de la Météorologie (precipitation days/humidity/sun 1961–1990, extremes 1951–2017), Mosque of Ansar (traditionally dating to 667, but totally renewed in 1650), This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 22:41. What purpose does a crown serve to Yoruba rulers, such as the one shown on Ariwajoye I? The two top photos show how it at first was built with bits and pieces from older structures. As such, it assumed the important function of representing a cosmopolitan and urbane Kairouan, one of the first cities organized under Muslim rule in North Africa. The hypostyle mosque, such as Kairouan, most closely reflects the mosque's supposed origin. The prayer hall has a nave and two aisles, divided by arched columns, parallel to the qibla wall. Excellent, except that there can be some distance between different stations. In its present state, the monument dates from the 17th century.[32]. Drain in the middle of the courtyard, used to collect rainwater which was preserved in underground cisterns. The rest of the complex is far much younger, built a 1000 years later. Look at Kairouan, Kairouwan, Region 4, Tunisia from different perspectives. KAIROUAN III Arabe, Male, Alezan, né(e) en 1937, mort . But there is more to the story: In 670, the general of the invading Arab forces, Oqba bin Nafi, found a golden cup in the sands here, a golden cup that he had lost in the holy well of Zamzam in Mecca a few years earlier. It looks like a minbar, but at the top there is a sundial. Surrounding this sacred area is an enclosing wall reinforced by projecting … The ramparts of Kairouan are a characteristic example of Ifriqiyan walls built of solid brick, refurbished during the modern and contemporary period to adapt them to military defence techniques, as was the case for the ramparts and qasaba of Sousse, constructed in the ninth century then continually added to and refurbished over the centuries. The prayer hall or sanctuary is supported by rows of columns and there is an open courtyard, that are characteristic of a hypostyle plan. This was the same time as the reign of Charlemagne. When Kairouan was founded, there was no place called Cairo. These invaders so utterly destroyed Kairouan in 1057 that it never regained its former importance and their influx was a major factor in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. And it is easy to fit into you schedule too. It consists of 3 sections, where the first is 19 metres, the second 5 metres and the third 7.5 metres including the dome. The most extensive destruction came few years after the original construction, in 688 when it was destroyed in a rebellion. The entire structure reflects the position of the mosque in the early Muslim conquest of North Africa, a time when no stable state had yet been established and the mosque had to double as a fortress. Moreover, “” is a bad transliteration from the Arabic name “”, while Kairouan is a fairly correct transliteration of the Arabic “”. The understanding of their quality and design is very a much a question of preference, but one rule applies all over: Buy only what you like for yourself, and do not be convinced that this is an investment of any sort. The foundation of Kairouan dates to about the year 670 when the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi of Caliph Mu'awiya selected a site in the middle of a dense forest, then infested with wild beasts and reptiles, as the location of a military post for the conquest of the West.

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