For this match, the initial Asian Handicap is ASC Garde Nationale0.0; The initial Goals Odds is 2.0. On 5 December 1790 Robespierre held a speech on the urgent topic of the National Guard, a police force, independent from the army and repeated his ideas in the following year. Concours direct Garde de Sous-préfecture MFPRA ci 2020-2021: acte de candidature. Roger Dupuy (2010) La Garde nationale 1789-1872. AS Garde Nationale - ASC Police — 03.03.2019 live stream ⋆ Football match today live ⋆ Live Score ⋆ Results ⋆ AS Garde Nationale - ASC Police game today online … The graph shows the performance and results of It was founded as separate from the French Army and existed both for policing and as a military reserve. Find the Garde Nationale v Medine head-to-head record, latest results, odds comparison and Ligue 1 standings. The match of ASC Garde Nationale vs AS Police in Mauritania Division 1 is started at 2019-3-4 02:29. The future Charles X served as its Colonel-General, reviewed the force regularly and intervened to veto its proposed disbandment on the grounds of economy by the Conseil Municipal of Paris. Paris, Gallimard, This page was last edited on 23 December 2020, at 00:27. Conseils : En attendant de trouver un emploi, vous pouvez :. Initially the Guard, purged of its Napoleonic leadership, maintained good relations with the restored monarchy. ©2020 EDF. D’ampleur nationale, ce concours individuel d’écriture de nouvelles est organisé en partenariat avec la MGEN, bénéficie de l’agrément du Ministère de l’Éducation nationale et de la jeunesse et du soutien de Gallimard Jeunesse. 2. Tests psychotechniques, étude d'un texte, questionnaire sur les connaissances générales (actualité, cadre institutionnel politique français et européen, règles du comportement citoyen) et questionnaire sur les fondamentaux scolaires (orthographe, grammaire, calculs, logique). The 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m 2) concourse leads directly to most of the terminal's upper-level tracks, although some are accessed from passageways near the concourse. The Insurrection of 31 May started after François Henriot was chosen by the Commune to lead the Paris Guards. Concours externe (session 2019) Organisateur : Bureau des Concours et des examens professionnels: 6: du 16/04/2019 au 16/05/2019: 31/05/2019: Ecrit : le 24/09/2019 Oral : A partir du 18 novembre 2019 Concours interne (session 2019) Organisateur : Bureau des Concours et des examens professionnels: 3: du 16/04/2019 au 16/05/2019: 31/05/2019 You can also analyze À propos du Concours ENAP 209. Die Website präsentiert Lithographien, Radierungen, Plakate und illustrierte Bücher der größten Künstler der Moderne und Gegenwartskunst [12] On 17 July the municipality of Paris accepted all citizens armed with a pike for enlistment as part of the capital's own National Guard unit. After several terror attacks in France, which intensified in 2014-15, French President François Hollande declared the establishment of a new National Guard. Check out the list of today match fixtures. Urgent Urgent ! Aller au contenu. Coca-Cola’s bottling partner, Coca-Cola Beverages South Africa (CCBSA) has awarded the top six schools who participated in the company’s 2019 Schools Recycling Programme with a total of R200 000 in cash prizes. Perceived as an embodiment of the revolutionary republican "nation in arms" at the time of the Revolution of 1789, the National Guard was formally disbanded on 14 March 1872 as a threat to the security and order of the new Third Republic. They met in the past 1 times,AS Garde Nationale got 1 wins, 0 draws and 0 losses, being the upper hand. Similar bodies were spontaneously created in the towns and rural districts of France in response to widespread fears of chaos or counter-revolution. This change in allegiance reflected a general erosion in the popularity of Louis-Phillipe and his "Bourgeois Monarchy", rather than any fundamental change in the make up of the National Guard, which remained a middle-class body. Concours Ministère de l’Intérieur pour le recrutement d’Agents de la Garde National – 2019 Ministère de ... آخر أجل لقبول المطالب بمراكز الحرس والأمن الوطنيّين يوم 11 مارس 2019. As a result, it's bringing out the very best in me. During the uprising of the Paris Commune, from March to May 1871, the National Guard in Paris was expanded to include all able-bodied citizens capable of carrying weapons. Inspecteurs. In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, n° 283, 1990. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchama1989 (. by Thibaut Poirot. MANDAT «RESERVES 2019 ... -accès des réservistes facilitéaux concours de la fonction publique (= sous forme de bonus) ;-agrafe «Garde nationale»sur la médaille des services militaires volontaires (MSMV). 371), Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution by Ruth Scurr, Œuvres complètes de Maximilien de Robespierre, tome 6, p. 642, The Life and Character of Maximilian Robespierre. Mass conscription was extended to age groups previously exempt from military service, to provide more manpower for the expanded National Guard. [TROPHEE] Découvrez la vidéo du Trophée de la #GardeNationale 2019 et revivez les moments forts de cette super journée de cohésion entre #réservistes ! Following the Commune's defeat by the regular French Army, the National Guard was officially abolished and its units disbanded. Quick Forebets. Accès au Forum uniformesdefrance.com Réserviste de "la réserve nationale (Armée / Gendarmerie / Police - Garde nationale" - Plus d'informations, d'échanges et de partages avec le forum d'uniformesdefrance.com dédié aux 3 réserves nationales (armées, gendarmerie et police) - Following the occupation of Paris by the allied armies, the National Guard was expanded to 35,000 men and became the primary force for maintaining order within the city.[18]. In the summer of 1792, the fundamental character of the guard changed. La garde Nationale; création et évolution (1789 – août 1792), p. 58. Ob Blankwaffen, Orden, Uniformen und Effekten, Militaria und Spielzeug oder Bücher zu Militärhistorie und Zeitgeschichte – all dies wird Ihnen von fachkundigem Personal näher gebracht.

Concours ministère de l’intérieur 2019 pour recruter lieutenants de la garde nationale. L’activiste et président de l’ONG Urgences Panafricanistes Kemi Seba se trouve toujours détenu dans les locaux de la gendarmerie de Ouagadougou depuis samedi soir. Join SoccerPunter Tipsters competition to challenge against the top football tipsters and win prizes! Sitemap; Legal notices; Cookies; Credits; Energy is our future, save it ! Under the Restoration in 1814, the National Guard was maintained by Louis XVIII. Garde Nationale did not lose their last two matches in the competition. – La taille doit être de 1,70 m au moins pour les garçons et 1,65 m au moins pour les filles. For this match, the initial Asian Handicap is ASC Garde Nationale0.0,-0.5; The initial Goals Odds is 2.0. [citation needed]. Destinations for nature . The replacement caused rapidly spread anger and violence throughout Paris. You should avoid betting on these underdogs. L'Association Sportive de la Garde Nationale Nigérienne o AS GNN és un club de Níger de futbol de la ciutat de Niamey.Fins al 2011 s'anomenà AS FNIS (Forces Nationales d'Intervention et Securite).. Palmarès. Their current statistics is 5 win, 5 draw and 10 lose. Section assemblies were permitting "passive" citizens to join their National Guard companies without seeking formal permission. [17] These field and regional units were disbanded in 1814 after the abdication of Napoleon I. Loi n° 70 du 6 août 1982, portant statut général des forces de sécurité intérieure telle que modifiée et complétée par la loi n° 2000-58 du 13 juin 2000. Their role was the maintenance of law and order and, if necessary, the defence of the territory. Devenir garde-forestier. [citation needed] Diplôme du DEF ou BAC ou … In fact, the last commander of the Guet royal (Chevalier du Guet), de La Rothière, was elected to head the National Guard in 1791. +41 44 723 13 13 Fax +41 44 723 13 10 info@mercedes-csi.ch. By a skilful appeal to patriotism, and judicious pressure applied through the prefects, it became a useful reservoir of half-trained men for new battalions of the active army.[15]. Depuis 2018 ce sont 292 postes en moins, avec une baisse chaque année. Beach destinations. Garde Nationale are in the 11th position of Super D1. Menu. Im Jahr 2019 wurde eine dreißigtägige allgemeine Dienstpflicht beim Service national universel (SNU), dem "Allgemeinen Nationaldienst" beschlossen, der zum Teil auch bei der Police national abgeleistet werden kann. See also tipsters rankings. Supercopa nigerina de futbol: 2019 Crescent Beach Concours Award Winners ... Class 6 Avante Garde. The National Assembly declared the formation of a "Bourgeois Militia" ("milice bourgeoise") on 13 July. Therefore, he created a Municipal Guard of Paris, a full-time gendarmerie which was strongly militarised. Also disbanded was the Mobile National Guard (Garde Nationale Mobile) raised in 1866 to provide personnel and officers for rapid deployment operations nationwide, as well as to provide reserve personnel for the armed forces. Parcourir toutes les offres taggeés avec : concours garde nationale tunisie 2019. pour les corps ci-après : 1. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. Culinary destinations. ASC Tidjikja got 2 wins, 3 draws and 2 losses in the past 7 games. 26 Jul 2019. Lliga nigerina de futbol:; 2005, 2006, 2011, 2014. Their current statistics is 8 win, 6 draw and 12 lose. Plan your trip. Find the Nouakchott King's v Garde Nationale head-to-head record, latest results, odds comparison and Ligue 1 standings. Transparent results with dedicated punters. Play in SoccerPunter Tipsters Competition And Improve Your Betting Skills. Are you an expert in soccer betting? Ils sont joignables par téléphone ou par mail. Article 2 : Le nombre de places autorisées est réparti ainsi qu’il suit : Article 3: Les programmes desdits concours se présentent ainsi qu’il suit : It experienced a period of official dissolution from 1827 to 1830, but was reestablished. Die Police nationale ... Juli 1966 erfolgte die endgültige Umorganisation in die Police nationale in der heutigen Form. Despite its major role in the Franco-Prussian War, the National Guard was disbanded soon after the establishment of the Third Republic. These reserve units were embodied only in times of general mobilisation but remained an integral part of the regular army. However, he did not abolish the National Guard, but was content to partially disarm it. From October 28 to November 1st, 2020 at Eurexpo Lyon. Nick Lachey and Vanessa Lachey served as hosts, while Lu Sierra served as commentator, all for the second consecutive time. AS Garde Nationale got 2 wins, 4 draws and 3 losses in the past 9 games, and the winning rate is 22%. Après le concours des personnels de direction le ministre de l'éducation nationale désigne l'académie d'affectation des lauréats du concours et les nomme en qualité de stagiaires. 8 décembre 2020 - POSTES AUX CONCOURS : Le compte n'y est pas ! Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Travaux Publics Concours 2018 30 comments Direct Competitive examination fo the Recruitment of 300 Assistant Court Registrars 13 comments Results of Higher National Diploma (HND) and Higher Professional Diploma (HPD) 12 comments REPUBLIQUE DE COTE D’IVOIRE. Football clubs who play better for their home games H2H. [11] On 11 July, the Jacobins won an emergency vote in the wavering Assembly, declaring the nation in danger and drafting all Parisians with pikes or pistols into the National Guard. The match of ASC Garde Nationale vs FC Sahel in Mauritania Division 1 is started at 2019-12-14 00:21. The National Guard (French: Garde nationale) is a French military, gendarmerie, and police reserve force, active in its current form since 2016 but originally founded in 1789 during the French Revolution.. For most of its history the National Guard, particularly its officers, has been widely viewed as loyal to middle-class interests. Following a nationwide scheme decided on in September 1791, the National Guard was organised on the basis of district or canton companies. Five of these neighbourhood units (designated as fusiliers or grenadiers) made up a battalion. In the early morning of the next day, the search for weapons for this new militia led to the storming of the Hotel des Invalides and then the storming of the Bastille. However, the same National Guard fought in the Revolution of 1848 in favour of the republicans. Nouakchott King's - Garde Nationale, 27.10.2020 - H2H stats, results, odds Betexplorer Pendant la crise sanitaire, les salariés de la fédération nationale poursuivent leur activité en télétravail. Napoleon III confined the National Guard during the Second Empire to subordinate tasks to reduce its liberal and republican influence. il est poursuivi pour « propos outrageants à l’encontre du président ». Please enable JavaScript in your browser to enjoy WordPress.com. Théâtre de Champagne à Troyes le 23 mars 2019 Bibliothèque Bibliothèque. Want to bet on a match today? Thanks Soccer Punter for providing this opportunity.it's been awesome so far. [16] Many of these fought in the campaigns in Germany in 1813 and the invasion of France by allied Austrian, Prussian, Russian and British armies in 1814. Next generation of South African recycling heroes shines at 2019 Schools Recycling Awards. TAJAN The Gallery offers a wide selection of artworks by leading artists. The role of the Paris units of the National Guard in the uprising of the Paris Commune led to a great degree of hostility towards the National Guard, especially from the army. Agents Administratifs. Travailler à domicile et gagner de l’argent !! ! Contrôleurs. Home Overall Away  ]. Merci à … Super D1 2019/2020. Cultural destinations. Pour 2019, la date du CBN n'est pas encore définie. It was held at the Grand Sierra Resort in Reno, Nevada on May 2, 2019. He kept the force in reserve and mobilised it for the defence of French territory in 1809 and 1814. Garde Nationale in Super D1. CSI Concours Saut International AG Florastrasse 13, Postfach 364 CH-8800 Thalwil Tel. Dans le second degré, la perte est de 250 postes. Part of the National Guard then attempted to overthrow the Directory during the royalist insurrection on the 13 Vendémiaire, year IV (5 October 1795), but were defeated by forces led by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of 13 Vendémiaire. Garde Nationale vs Nouadhibou predictions, football tips and statistics for this match of Mauritania Ligue 1 on 11/09/2019 Garde Nationale vs Nouadhibou Predictions and Stats - 11 Sep 2019 … Elle occupe toute l’étendue du territoire et participe à toutes les activités de sécurité et de protection des personnes et de leurs biens, des institutions, des autorités administratives et politiques et, des frontières. Clôturé : Concours Ministère de l’Intérieur pour le recrutement d’Agents de la Garde National – 2019 – مناظرة وزارة الدّاخليّة للقبول بمرحلة تكوين أساسي لانتداب رقباء ذكور بسلك الحرس الوطني. Hollande expected to start parliamentary consultations in September 2016 on the matter. Le Directeur Général de la Police Nationale informe les candidats au concours direct de recrutement d’élèves fonctionnaires de Police, au titre de l’année 2018, que les résultats définitifs sont disponibles dans les lieux ci-après: Candidats du District de Bamako : Brigade Spéciale d’intervention, Commissariats de Police des 1er, 6e et 7e Arrondissements de Bamako. 2019 Half-Year Results. Lafayette was elected to the post of commander in chief of the Bourgeois Militia on 14 July, and it was renamed the "National Guard". Discover all news group. CORPS DE LA GARDE NATIONALE Références législatives et / ou réglementaires. Clôturé : Concours Office National de la Protection Civile pour le recrutement de 470 Caporal – 2019 – مناظرة المدرسة الوطنية للحرس الوطني والحماية المدنية لانتداب 470 عريف للحماية المدنية The overall results is shown by default. Back to top. By his words, the Guard would be formed using military reserve forces. Ski destinations. Garde Nationale vs Kaedi predictions, football tips and statistics for this match of Mauritania Ligue 1 on 06/10/2019. The match kick-off date and time is automatically converted to your local timezone. A trade fair devoted to the equestrian sector , the Longines Equita Lyon, Concours Hippique International, sport and show evenings make this event tthe biggest annual equestrian show in Europe. The Paris National Guard thereafter ceased to play a significant political role. Avr, 2019. Le recteur d'académie les affecte dans un établissement pour exercer les fonctions de chef d'établissement ou de chef d'établissement adjoint. For the last 5 matches, ASC Garde Nationale got 1 win, 2 lost and 2 draw with 4 Goals For and 7 Goals Against. Inclusive of half-time, full-time results. Unlike the Guard of the Revolutionary Wars, its officers are now seconded from both the Army and the National Gendarmerie and are graduates of their respective academies. Tous les détails sur les concours de bourses seront divulgués en janvier 2021, lors du lancement de la programmation des formations à Québec de 2021. Concours Police 2019. Garde Nationale have played a total of 20 matches in Mauritania Super D1. Where possible, there was provision for mounted detachments and artillerymen.[10]. Garde Nationale did not win their last two matches in the competition. Garde Nationale ("Pengawal Kebangsaan") ialah sebuah pasukan simpanan polis dan tentera serta gendarmerie di Perancis diwujudkan dalam bentuk semasa pada tahun 2016.Namun, badan ini turut ada duluannya pada zaman dahulu ketika peralihan pemerintahan dari bentuk kerajaan ke repubilk di Perancis serta banyak berlakunya pergelutan di antara tempoh-tempoh ini. Soon after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the National Guard in Paris again became viewed as dangerously revolutionary, which contributed to its dissolution in 1871. Ltd. All rights reserved. Having been converted from a volunteer reserve into a much larger force composed mainly of conscripts, the National Guard had lost its identity and raison d'être. [2], On 12 October 2016, during a weekly meeting of the Cabinet, the National Guard was officially reconstituted after 145 years, as the fifth service branch of the French Armed Forces under the Ministry of the Armed Forces. Amorosart ist eine Graphikwebsite für Kunstgalerien. [ Motivated teams after winning five matches in a row or they have maintained a ten-match unbeaten run. The annual Schools Recycling Awards ceremony was recently hosted at the University of The former Guet royal had held responsibility for the maintenance of law and order in Paris from 1254 to 1791, when the National Guard took over this role. City breaks. In Paris during this period the National Guard comprised twelve thousand bourgeois property owners, serving part-time and equipped at their own expense, whose prime function was to guard public buildings on a roster basis. Formations pouvant déboucher sur ce métier : • BEPA aménagement de l’espace spécialité travaux forestiers, The National Guard was superseded by the creation of territorial regiments, made up of older men who had completed their period of full-time military service. However, in its original stages from 1792 to 1795, the National Guard was perceived as revolutionary and the lower ranks were identified with sans-culottes. Le Ministère de l’intérieur, Direction Générale de la Sûreté Nationale, lance un concours pour le recrutement de 7708 Agents repartis comme suit: (5528) Gardiens de la paix (1700) Inspecteurs de police (70) Officiers de police (620) Officiers de paix (90) Commissaires de police. It also faced opposition from the army which was opposed to such a large armed force outside its direct control. Surveillants et Surveillantes de Prison. Article 1er : des concours directs, professionnels et au titre des emplois réservés sont ouverts pour l’admission à l’Ecole Nationale d’Administration Pénitentiaire (E.N.A.P.) Eight to ten battalions comprised a legion. 4. A new National Guard was established in 1831 following the July Revolution in 1830. Kemi Seba toujours en garde à vue à Ouagadougou Le 21 décembre 2019, le militant anticolonialiste et essayiste franco-béninois tenait L’édition 2019 du Trophée de la Garde nationale est parrainée par le brigadier Clarisse AGBEGNENOU. When the French Guards mutinied and were disbanded during the same month, the majority of this former royal regiment's rank and file became the full-time cadre of the Paris National Guard. MONTEE EN PUISSANCE DE LA RESERVE OPERATIONNELLE DE LA MARINE ASC Police - AS Garde Nationale — 22.11.2019 live stream ⋆ Football match today live ⋆ Live Score ⋆ Results ⋆ ASC Police - AS Garde Nationale game today online … Union - Discipline - Travail. September 2019) war ein französischer Komponist, Professor, Dirigent und Pianist . After 9 Thermidor, year II (27 July 1794), the new government of the Thermidorian Reaction placed the National Guard under the control of more conservative leadership. Sustainable tourism. Shopping destinations. [21][22] The formation of the revived Guard would be assisted with a dedicated 311-million euro budget and its personnel come from the reserves, members from the private sector and active personnel seconded to the service. Devenne Florence. 2019 Page de garde 2019 sujets. [8][9] At the end of September a law passed to reorganize the National Guard formations in cantons and districts; each year officers and non-commssioned officers could be elected on 14 July. Mit 11 Jahren begann er sein Studium am Conservatoire national supérieur de musique in Paris bei Nadia Boulanger, Marguerite Long und Tony Aubin. Napoleon did not believe that the middle-class National Guard would be able to maintain order and suppress riots. Proving ... that that Much ... by James Bronterre O'BRIEN, p. 417-421, Webpage on the prime minister's site of the reestablished National Guard, New website of the reestablished National Guard, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Guard_(France)&oldid=995808694, Military units and formations of the Franco-Prussian War, Military units and formations established in 1789, Military units and formations disestablished in 1872, Military units and formations established in 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The 135ème to 156ème Régiments d'Infanterie de Ligne were thus formed. In-Play 1X2 and Asian Handicap Soccer Tips increase your winning opportunity. Garde Nationale home ground venue is Stade Olympique de Nouakchott. Get the listings of soccer leagues and competitions for each region, including past seasons results and football statistics. Soccer Punter platform has provided for me the best avenue to fully exercise my punting ability, without the fear of losing physical hard earned money. Jan, 2020. 1st place: 1970 American Motors AMX Tony Lucas 2nd place: 1958 Desoto 2Dr Firedome Sportsman L'donna Lynds 3rd place: 1968 Fiat 500 Dario Calandra Class 7 American 50's & 60's. Seit einem Vierteljahrhundert versorgen wir private und öffentliche Sammlungen in aller Welt mit Militärischen Antiquitäten. Football clubs that play well for their away games. Best National Parks. The accessibility of this website is under review. Garde Nationale results for their home or away matches in Romantic destinations. La perte est de 170 postes aux concours de Professeurs des Ecoles. Following hostile cries at a review on 29 April Charles X dissolved the Guard the following day, on the grounds of offensive behaviour towards the crown. Préparation au concours de Gardien de la paix de la Police nationale. Additionally, it featured performances from T-Pain and Nick Lachey.. Sarah Rose Summers of Nebraska crowned her successor Cheslie Kryst of North … L'ENAP est fière de pouvoir offrir des bourses dans certains de ses programmes de formation. [19] However, by 1827, the middle-class men who still composed the Guard had come to feel a degree of hostility towards the reactionary monarchy. CConcours direct MFPRA Agent de bureau 2020-2021 Cote d'Ivoire ci kamerpower.com N. 00427 / MFPMA / Book your flight. Contact the gallery directly for … Promotional logo of the National Guard (since 2016). Quick Forebets. and the winning rate is 29%. مواضيع وإصلاح امتحانات البكالوريا في تونس 2014-2019 67 938. Garde Nationale - Medine, 02.12.2019 - H2H stats, results, odds Betexplorer The fédérés were admitted to the guard and the subsequent takeover of the guard by Antoine Joseph Santerre when Mandat was murdered in the first hours of the insurrection of 10 August placed a radical revolutionary at the head of the Guard. Le concours d’entrée à l’École Nationale d’Administration Pénitentiaire (ENAP) est officiellement ouvert. Pour s'inscrire aux concours externe ou interne les candidats doivent remplir les conditions générales d'accès à la fonction publique et justifier: 1. d'une licence en psychologie et d'une inscription en dernière année de master (M2) de psychologie comportant un stage professionnel, 2. ou d'une licence en psychologie et d'une inscription en dernière année d'un diplôme permettant de faire usage professionnel du titre de psychologue en application du décret n° 90-255 du 22 mars 1990 modifié, 3. ou d'un diplôme … Destinations. More inspiration. Police vs Garde Nationale predictions, football tips and statistics for this match of Mauritania Ligue 1 on 22/11/2019. Explore upcoming exhibitions, events, and art fairs at TAJAN The Gallery. [citation needed], It was expected that the new Guard would grow to a 72,500-member force in 2017 and grow to an 86,000-member national reserve in 2018. The citizens kept their weapons and their uniforms at home, and set forth with them when required. The National Guard (French: Garde nationale) is a French military, gendarmerie, and police reserve force, active in its current form since 2016 but originally founded in 1789 during the French Revolution. Under the law of 14 October 1791, all active citizens and their children over 18 years were obliged to enlist in the National Guard. AS Garde Nationale vs JAHE live score, h2h stats, results, fixtures, predictions and match summary of Mauritania Division 1 on 09/11/2019 With regards to my innate punting abilities. [1], In 2016, France announced the reestablishment of the National Guard in response to a series of terrorist attacks in the country.[1][2][3]. Choose a date to view the past soccer results or upcoming match fixtures. 4. E.G. Clothing and equipment was often in short supply and even the Paris National Guard was obliged to provide pikes as substitute weapons for some of its new recruits. 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